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(2001¦~1¤ë1¤é§ó·s)
1.1 ®Ú¾Ú®Ñ¤Wªº250¶¨ì252¶¡A¥Ø¼Ð¨ç¼Æ¦b
³B¨ú·¥¤pȪº¥²n±ø¥ó¬°
(1a, b)
¨ä¤¤Hesse¯x°}Gªº²Ä(i, j)Ó¤¸¯À¬°,
¬°¥ô·N¦V¶q¡C (1b)¦¡ªí©ú¡AHesse¯x°}¥²¶·¬O¥¿¥b©wªº¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¥¦ªº¯S¼xÈ¥²¶·¤j©ó©Îµ¥©ó¹s¡C
(a) ¸Õ´Npºâ¾÷²ßÃD2(c)¼g¥XHesse¯x°}G¡C
(b)¸Õ¨M©w¥XGªº¯S¼xÈ¡C
(c)¸Õ»¡©ú¬°¦ópºâ¾÷²ßÃD2(c)°µ¤£¥X¨Ó¡C
*¥»ÃD¥Øªº: ¸ÑÄÀ¬°¦ópºâ¾÷²ßÃD2(c)°µ¤£¥X¨Ó¡C
*¼ÆÈ°ÝÃD: ¨D¥X¤@¯x°}ªº¯S¼xÈ¡C
1.2 ¦Ò¼{¤U±ªº¥N»ù¨ç¼Æ¡G
(a)Y±N¦V«e¼Ò¦¡ªº»~®t¦Ò¼{¶i¥h¡A«h¤W¦¡À³¸Ó¦p¦ó§ï¼g¡H
(b)¹ï¥|ºû(§t¦³®É¶¡)¦P¤Æ°ÝÃD¨Ó»¡¡A¤W¦¡À³¸Ó¦p¦ó§ï¼g¡H
(c)¹ï¤TºûÅܤÀ¤ÀªR°ÝÃD¨Ó»¡¡A¨Ò¦p¥Ñ¦UµøÂI¤Wªº¦U´ú·ÅÀW¹D¿ç®g±j«×Æ[´úȨM©w¥X¦U®æÂI¤Wªº¦U®ðÀ£¼hªº·Å«×¡A«h¦V«e¼Ò¦¡h(x)À³¸Ó¥]¬Aþ¨Ç¹Bºâ¡H
1.3 ¸ÑÄÀ¤U±ªº¦Wµü¡G
(a)¦V«e¼Ò¦¡(forward model)¡C
(b)ª¬ºA¦V¶q(state vector)¡C
(c)¤Ï¤èªk(inverse method)¡C
(d)¥N»ù¨ç¼Æ(cost function)¡C
(e)¤U°ºâªk(descent algorithm)¡C
(f)½Õ¿Ó°ÝÃD(tuning problem)¡C
(g)¤Á½u©Ê¤èµ{(tangent linear equation)¡C
(h)±±¨îÅܼÆ(control variables)¡C
(i)Hess¯x°}¡C
1.4 °²³]¥Ø«eNOAA½Ã¬P¤WHIRS¿ç®gp¦³7Ó´ú·ÅÀW¹D¡A¹ï¦a±¤W¶i¦æÆ[´ú®É¡A¥i±o¨ì7ÓÀW¹Dªº¿ç®g±j«×È¡C¥t¥~¡A¦b³o¤@ÂI¤W¦³10Ó®ðÀ£¼hªº®ð·Å¹w³øÈ¡C²{¦bn¥ÎÅܤÀ¦P¤Æªk¶i¦æ®ð·Å««ª½ ¤À¥¬ªº¤Ïºt¡A¦¹®É¥N»ù¨ç¼Æ¥i¼g¬°
¨ä¤¤¤U¼Ðo©Mb¤À§Oªí¥ÜÆ[´úÈ©MI´ºÈ¡Cx©My«h¤À§O¬°±±¨îÅܼƩM¥iÆ[´úªº¶q¡C
(a)¸Õz¦b³o¤Ïºt°ÝÃD¤¤x, y, hªºª«²z·N¸q©Mºû¼Æ¡C
(b)¦C¥X¨D¸Ñ¨BÆJ¡C
2.1 ¼Ë±ø¨ç¼Æ¡C
(a)¦ó¿×¤T¦¸¼Ë±ø¨ç¼Æ¡H
(b)°²©w²{¦b¦³NÓ¡]¤@ºû¡^®æÂI¡A¦@¦³N¡Ð1Ӱ϶¡¡A¹ï¨CӰ϶¡¨Ó»¡¤T¦¸¼Ë±ø¨ç¼Æ¦³4Ó¥¼ª¾¼Æ¡A¬GÁ`¦@¦³4(N¡Ð1)Ó¥¼ª¾¼Æ¡C³o¨Ç¥¼ª¾¼Æn¥Ñþ¥ó±ø¥óµ¹¥Xªº¤èµ{¨D¥X¨Ó¡H¸Õ¼g¥X¨CÓ±ø¥óµ¹¥Xªº½u©Ê¥N¼Æ¤èµ{ªº¼Æ¥Ø¡C
3.1 ¸Õz¦@³m¤èµ{ªºªì©l¡BÃä¬É±ø¥óªº´XÓ¯S©Ê¡C
3.2 ¦Ò¼{¤U±ªº½u©Ê¥¬y¤èµ{¤Î¨äªì©l©MÃä¬É±ø¥ó:
(1a)
(1b)
³oÓ¤èµ{ªº¤@Ó®t¤À®æ¦¡¬O¦V«e®É¶¡¤W´å®æ¦¡(forward-time upstream
scheme):
(2a)
(2b)
(2a)¦¡¥i§ï¼g¬°
(3)
³oӮ榡ªºÃ©w±ø¥ó¬OCourant¼Æ¦b0¨ì1¤§¶¡¡CYn¥ÑÆ[¸ê®Æ
¨M©w³Ì¨Îªºªì©lÈ
, ¥i¥O¤U±ªº¥N»ù¨ç¼Æ¨ú·¥¤pÈ:
(4)
±N(3)¦¡µø¬°±j¶Õ¬ù§ô±ø¥ó¡A«h»Ýn·¥¤p¤Æªº¥N»ù¨ç¼ÆÅܬ°
(5)
(a)¸Õ¾É¥X¦@³m¤èµ{¤Î¨äªì©l©MÃä¬É±ø¥ó¡C
(b)¸Õ¾É¥X¥N»ù¤èµ{±è«×ªºªí¹F¦¡¡C
(c)±NCourant¼Æµø¬°±±¨îÅܼơA¸Õ¾É¥X¥N»ù¨ç¼ÆÃö©ó
ªº±è«×ªºªí¹F¦¡¡C
ª`·N¨Æ¶µ:
*ªì©lȦ@¦³Ó¡AÃä¬ÉȦ@¦³NÓ¡C
*ªºÃä¬É¤WuȤ£¯àµ¹©w¡C
*½Ðª`·N®É¶¡«ü¼Ðn©MªÅ¶¡«ü¼Ðjªº½d³ò¡A¦b¾É¥Xªº¦¡¤l¤¤¤@©wn¼g¡C
5Ãä¬ÉȤwª¾¥B©T©w¡C
ªì©lȻݵ¹©w¤~¯à¶i¦æ¦V«e¹w³ø¡A¦ý¥¦Ì¬O±±¨îÅܼơC
¡C¥Ñ¦V«e¹w³ø¥i±o¨ìuÈ.
3.3 ¦Ò¼{¤U±ªº¤@ºû½u©Ê¤Æ²L¤ô¤èµ{:
¨ä¤¤g©MH³£¬O¥¿¼Æ.²{¦bY¦³Æ[´úÈ©M
¡C¸Õ¾É¥X¸ê®Æ¦P¤Æ©Ò»Ý¥Î¨ìªº¦@³m¤èµ{©M¥¦Ìªºªì©lÃä¬É±ø¥ó¡A¥N»ù¨ç¼Æ¨Ï¥Î
¥t¥~¡A¤]¾É¥X©Mªì©l¡BÃä¬ÉÈÃö«Yªºªí¹F¦¡¡C
3.4¦Ò¼{¤U±·¦V¼Ð¤èµ{ªº°ò¥»¤èµ{¤Î¨äªì©l±ø¥ó(Wieringa, 1967: JAM, 6, 1114-1122):
¨ä¤¤I¬°ºD©Ê¯x(Âà°ÊºD¶q)¡AD¬°ªý¥§«Y¼Æ, N¬°§á¤O¯x¡A¥¦Ì³£³]¬°±`¼Æ¡C
«h¬°·¦V¼Ð°¾Â÷·¦Vªº¨¤«×¡C°²©w¦b¤@¬q®É¶¡¤º¦³°¾¨¤ªºÆ[´úÈ
¡C
(a)¸Õ¾É¥X¦@³m¤èµ{¤Î¨äªì©l±ø¥ó¡C
(b)¸Õ¾É¥X¥N»ù¨ç¼Æ±è«×ªºªí¹F¦¡¡C
3.5
¹ï©ó¤U±ªº°Ê¤O¤èµ{¤Î¨äªì©l¡BÃä¬É±ø¥ó¡A²{¦bY¦³uªºÆ[´ú
¡A¸Õ¨D¥X¸ê®Æ¦P¤Æ»Ýn¥Î¨ìªº¦@³m¤èµ{¤Î¨äªì©l¡BÃä¬É±ø¥ó¡A¨Ã»¡©ú¥N»ù¨ç¼ÆÃö©óªì©lȪº±è«×n¦p¦ó¨M©w¡C
(a)½u©Ê¥¬y¤èµ{¡G
¡@¡@
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¨ä¤¤¥¬y³t«×c¬°±`¼Æ¡C
(b)¥¬yÂX´²¤èµ{¡G
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¨ä¤¤¥¬y³t«×c©MÂX´²«Y¼Æ³£¬O±`¼Æ¡A¦Ó
¬O¥¿¼Æ¡C
(c)ªi°Ê¤èµ{
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3.6 ¹ï©ó¤U±ªº°Ê¤O¤èµ{¡A¸Õ¨M©w¥X¬ÛÀ³ªº¤Á½u©Ê¤èµ{(tangent linear equation)
¦@³m¤èµ{¡G
(a)«D½u©Ê¥¬y¤èµ{
(b)¤@ºû«D½u©Ê²L¤ô¤èµ{¡G
¡@¡@
¨ä¤¤¬°«¤O¦ì¡C
(c)¤@ºû«D½u©Ê²L¤ô¤èµ{¡G
¡@¡@
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(d)«D½u©Ê²L¤ô¤èµ{¡G
¡@¡@
¨ä¤¤¬°«¤O¦ì¡Af¬°¬ì¤ó°Ñ¼Æ¡C
3.7 ¹ï©ó¤U±ªº°Ê¤O¤èµ{¤Î¨äªì©l¡BÃä¬É±ø¥ó¡A²{¦bY¦³uªºÆ[´ú
¡A¸Õ¨D¥X¸ê®Æ¦P¤Æ»Ýn¥Î¨ìªº¦@³m¤èµ{¤Î¨äªì©l¡BÃä¬É±ø¥ó¡A¨Ã»¡©ú¥N»ù¨ç¼ÆÃö©óªì©lȪº±è«×n¦p¦ó¨M©w¡C
(a)½u©Ê¥¬y¤èµ{¡G
¡@¡@
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¨ä¤¤¥¬y³t«×c¬°±`¼Æ¡C
(b)¥¬yÂX´²¤èµ{¡G
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¬O¥¿¼Æ¡C
(c)ªi°Ê¤èµ{
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¨ä¤¤¬Û³t«×c¬°±`¼Æ¡C
3.8 ¹ï©ó¤U±ªº°Ê¤O¤èµ{¡A¸Õ¨M©w¥X¬ÛÀ³ªº¤Á½u©Ê¤èµ{(tangent linear equation)ªº¦@³m¤èµ{¡G
(a)«D½u©Ê¥¬y¤èµ{
(b)¤@ºû«D½u©Ê²L¤ô¤èµ{¡G
¡@¡@
¨ä¤¤¬°«¤O¦ì¡C
(c)¤@ºû«D½u©Ê²L¤ô¤èµ{¡G
¡@¡@
¨ä¤¤¬°«¤O¦ì¡Af¬°¬ì¤ó°Ñ¼Æ¡C
(d)«D½u©Ê²L¤ô¤èµ{¡G
¡@¡@
¨ä¤¤¬°«¤O¦ì¡Af¬°¬ì¤ó°Ñ¼Æ¡C
4.1 ¸ÑÄÀ¤U±ªº¦Wµü¡G
(a)Snell©w«ß(Snell law)¡C
(b)¼vÅT°Ñ¼Æ(impact parameter)¡C
(c)Ås¨¤(bending angle)¡C
(d)AbelÅÜ´«¡C
(e)Bouguer©w«ß¡C
(f)Fermatì²z(Fermat principle)¡C
4.2 ¸ÑÄÀ©Î»¡©ú¤U±ªº³¯z:
(a)Yn¨D¸Ñ¤Ï°ÝÃD¡A»Ýn¥ý¨D¸Ñ¥¿°ÝÃD¡C
(b)¦@³m¤èµ{¹ïLagrange¼¼Æ¨Ó»¡¡AÁ`¬O½u©Êªº¡C
(c)¥N»ù¨ç¼Æ¤@©w¬O¥¿È¡C
(d)®g½u¦b¤j®ð³»¼h³Bªº¤Ñ³»¨¤¤@©wn¤j©ó¬Y¤@Ó¨¤«×¡A¤~¯à³Q§Cy½Ã¬P¦¬¨ì¡A¥H°µ¬°±´´ú¤j®ð¤§¥Î¡C
4.3
¼vÅT°Ñ¼Æ(impact parameter) a¡Aªñ¦aÂIÂ÷¦a¤ßªº¶ZÂ÷©M¤j®ð¼h³»Â÷¦a¤ßªº¶ZÂ÷
³o¤TÓ¶q¡AY«ö¤j¤p¦¸§Ç±Æ¦C¡AÀ³¸Ó¬O¦p¦ó¡H
4.4 ¸Õ¼g¥X¤U±ª«²z¶qªº¤j¤p©Î¼Æ¶q¯Å¡G
(a)Ås¨¤(bending angle) ¡C
(b)§é®g«ü¼Æ(refractive index) ¡C
(c)§é®g²v(refractivity) N¡C
(d)¼vÅT°Ñ¼Æ(impact parameter) a¡C
5.1 ¸ÑÄÀ¤U±ªº¦Wµü:
(a)Æ[´ú¼W¶q(observation increment)¡C
(b)I´º¼W¶q(background increment)¡C
(c)¤ÀªR¼W¶q(analysis increment)¡C
(d)¼W¯q¯x°}(gain matrix)¡C
5.2 ·¥¤p¤è®t¦ôpÈ(minimun variance estimate)
(a) ¦ó¿×·¥¤p¤è®t¦ôpÈ¡H
(b)·¥¤p¤è®t¦ôpȦ³¦ó¯SÂI¡H
(c) ¦b¦óºØ±¡ªp¤U·¥¤j¦üµM¦ôpÈ(maximun likelihood estimate)¤~·|©M·¥¤p¤è®t¦ôpȤ@¼Ë¡H
5.3 ¸Õ¥Î²³æªº¤å¦r»¡©ú¤°»ò¬OKalmanÂoªi¾¹¡C
5.4 ¼Ò¦¡»~®t¡C
(a)¦ó¿×¹w³ø¼Ò¦¡»~®t(§Y¨t²Î»~®t)?
(b)¼Ò¦¡»~®t¥]¬Aþ¨Ç»~®t?
5.5 Kalman Âoªi¾¹¡C
(a)¸ÕzKalmanÂoªi¾¹¥]¬Aþ¨Ç³¡¤À¡C
(b)KalmanÂoªi¾¹¦b¹ê»Ú°õ¦æ®É¦³þ¨Ç°ÝÃD?
5.6 °²¦p¹w³ø¼Ò¦¡¼g¬°
¨ä¤¤¬°·½¨ç¼Æ¡A§Y±j¢¨ç¼Æ¡A«hKalman Âoªi¾¹¤¤ªº¹w³ø»~®t¨ó¤è®t¯x°}
ªº¹w³ø¤èµ{À³¦p¦ó§ï¼g?
5.7 ¦Ò¼{¤U±ªº½u©Ê¥¬y¤èµ{:
³oÓ¤èµ{ªº¤@Ó®t¤À®æ¦¡¬O¦V«e®É¶¡¤W´å®æ¦¡:
¨ä¤¤c¬°±`¼Æ¡A©M
x§O¬°®ÉªÅ®æ¶Z¡An©Mj¤À§O¬°®ÉªÅ«ü¼Ð¡C
(a)¼g¥X²Ä29ÃD¤¤¹w³ø¼Ò¦¡©M·½¨ç¼Æ
ªºªí¹F¦¡¡C
(b)¼g¥X¼Ò¦¡»~®tªºªí¹F¦¡¡C
(c)¦b³o±¡ªp¤U¦³¨S¦³°Ñ¼Æ¤Æ»~®t?
5.8 ¦Ò¼{¤U±ªº½u©Ê¥¬y¤èµ{
³oÓ¤èµ{ªº¤@Ó®t¤À®æ¦¡¬OÁô¦¡®æ¦¡¡G
¨ä¤¤¥¬y³t«×c¬°±`¼Æ¡C¦b¤W¦¡¤¤®É¶¡®t¤À¥Î±è§Î®æ¦¡¡AªÅ¶¡®t¤À¥Î¤¤®t¤Àªk¡C
(a)¼g¥X²Ä29ÃD¤¤¹w³ø¼Ò¦¡©M·½¨ç¼Æ
ªºªí¹F¦¡¡C
(b)¼g¥X¼Ò¦¡»~®tªºªí¹F¦¡¡C
(c)¦b³o±¡ªp¤U¦³¨S¦³°Ñ¼Æ¤Æ»~®t?
6.1 ¥J²Ó¾\ŪZhang and Gal-Chen(1996)ªº¤å³¹(J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2609-2623.), µM«á¦^µª¤U±ªº°ÝÃD:
(a)¥»¤å¥Î¨ì¤F¤U±ªº¼ÆȤèªk, ½Ð°Ý¦bþùإΨì?
l linear system. l interpolation and approximation.
(b) ¥»¤å¤¤¿ï©wweightªºì«h¬O¤°»ò?
(c)¥»¤å¤¤¦p¦ó¦ôp®É¶¡ÁͶÕ()©MªÅ¶¡±è«×(
)?
(d)¸ÑÄÀ¤U±ªº¦Wµü:
l steadiness assumption. l dBZ. l ill-conditionedness.
l VAD. l VVP. l deformation. l pattern correlation
method.
(e)Ãö©ó¤U±¦UÂI, ¥»¤åªºµ²½×¬O¤°»ò?
l ²¾°Ê§¤¼Ð. l Åv«ªº¿ï¾Ü. l ®ÉªÅÂoªi. l Æ[´ú®É¶¡q¥¿.
6.2 ¥J²Ó¾\ŪLiou(1999)ªº¤å³¹(J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 16, 1003-1016.), µM«á
¦^µª¤U±ªº°ÝÃD:
(a)¥»¤å¥Î¨ì¤F¤U±ªº¼ÆȤèªk, ½Ð°Ý¦bþùإΨì?
l linear system. l interpolation and approximation.
l optimization.
(b)¥»¤å¥Î¨ìþ¨Ç¼Æ¾Ç¤èªk?
(c)¥»¤å¤¤¦p¦ópºâ®É¶¡ÁͶÕ()©MªÅ¶¡±è«×(
)?
(d)Ãö©ó¤U±¦UÂI, ¥»¤åªºµ²½×¬O¤°»ò?
l ®z´²«×©M®z««ª½´õ«×ªº¤Þ¶i. l ±½ºËµ¦²¤.
l ÆF±Ó«×¸ÕÅç. l ±`³W¹p¹F¸ê®Æ.
(e)¦ó¿×robustness?
(f)¦ó¿×without sacrificing the radar data resolutions?
(g)¥»¤å¦³þ¨Ç¦L¨ê¤Wªº¤p¯Ê³´?
7.1 ¸ÕÃÒ¤U±ªº¯x°}«íµ¥¦¡¬O¦¨¥ßªº¡G
¨ä¤¤B©MO¬°¯x°}¡C
7.2 ¸ÕÃÒ
¨ä¤¤¬°±`¦V¶q¡Ax¬°¦ì¸m¦V¶q¡C
7.3 ¸Õ¥Î«ü¼Ð²Å¸¹ªí¹F¤U±ªº¦V¶q¤èµ{¡G
7.4 ¸ÕÃÒ¤U±¦V¶q«íµ¥¦¡¦¨¥ß¡G
(a)
(b)
7.5 ¸ÑÄÀ¤U±ªº¦Wµü¡G
(a)¨ó¤è®t¯x°}(covariance matrix)¡C
(b)¯x°}ªº¥¿©w©Ê(positive-definitness of matrix)¡C
(c)Dirichlet©MNeumann°ÝÃD¡C
(d)¾A©w°ÝÃD(well-posed problem)¡C
8.1 ¸ÑÄÀ¤U±ªº¦Wµü¡G
(a)¥Ã¨ç¼Æ(stationary function)¡C
(b)µ¥©Pªø°ÝÃD(isoperimetric problem)¡C
(c) ±j¶Õ»P®z¶Õ¬ù§ô±ø¥ó(strong and weak constraint)¡C
8.2 ¦±±¤Wªº´ú¦a½u¡]geodesic¡^¬O«ü¸Ó¦±±¤W¨âÂI¶¡¶ZÂ÷³Ìµuªº¦±½u¡C¸Õ¨M©w¤U±¤TºØ¦±±¤Wªº´ú¦a½u¡G
(a)¥¿¶ê¬W¡C¨Ï¥Î¶ê¬W§¤¼Ð¡A¥Oa¬°¶ê¬Wªº¥b®|¡A«h©·ªø¤¸¬°
(b)¥¿¶êÀ@¡C¨Ï¥Î²y§¤¼Ð¡A¥O¬°¥b³»¨¤¡A«h©·ªø¤¸¬°
(c)°jÂ঱±¡]surface of revolution¡^¡C¥O
µM«á¼g¥X©·ªø¤¸¡C
8.3 ¦Ò¼{±¶½u°ÝÃD¡]brachistochrone problem¡^¡Cµ¹©w°ª«×¤£¦Pªº¨âÂI©M
¡An§ä¥X³o¼Ëªº¤@±ø¦±½u¡A·í¤@½èÂIm¦b«¤O§@¥Î¤UªuµÛ³o±ø¦±½u±qA¹B°Ê¨ìB®É©Ò»Ýªº®É¶¡n·¥¤p¡]
¡^¡C
(a)¥Ov¬O³t«×¡As¬Ot®É¶¡¤º¨«¹Lªº¶ZÂ÷¡A¦]¬°
±`¼Æ
(1a,
b)
¬G»Ýn¨ú·¥¤pȪºªx¨ç¬°
¦b(1b)¦¡¤¤g¬°«¤O¥[³t«×¡A¬°¤@±`¼Æ¡C(1b)¦¡ªí¥ÜÁ`¯à¶q¡]°Ê¯à¥[¤W¦ì¯à¡^¬O¦u«íªº¡C¸ÕÃÒEuler-Lagrange¤èµ{¥i¼g¬°
(b)¥O¡A±N¤W¦¡¿n¥X¨Ó¡A¸Õ¨D¥X¥Ã¨ç¼Æªºªí¹F¦¡¡A³oÓ¨ç¼ÆºÙ¬°Â\½u¡]cycloid¡^¡C
8.4 ¦Ò¼{¤@±ø¦±½u¡A¥¦¦bx³Bªº©·ªø¤¸¬°
¡A³oÓ©·ªø¤¸©Mx¶bªº¶ZÂ÷¬°y¡A¬G¥Hy¬°¥b®|ªºÀô§Î±¿n¤¸¬°
¡A±N³oÓ±¿n¤¸¥Ñ
¿n¨ì
¡A´N±o¨ì¤@Ó°jÂ঱±ªº±¿n¡G
¸ÕÃҨϳoÓ°jÂ঱±ªº±¿n¨ú·¥¤pȪº¥Ã¨ç¼Æ¬°ÄaÁå½u¡]catenary¡^¡G
8.5 ¦Ò¼{7.5¸`¤¤´£¥Xªºµ¥©Pªø°ÝÃD(1)©M(2)¦¡¡A¸Õ´N¤U±¤TºØÃä¬É±ø¥ó¨M©w¥Ã¨ç¼Æ©M¿n¤À±`¼Æ¡C¦±½uªºªø«×C·|¼vÅT¸Ñ¬O§_¦s¦b¡A¸Õ¤À§O°Q½×¡C
(a)¨âÓºÝÂI³£©T©w¡C
(b)³BªººÝÂI¥i¦Û¥Ñ·Æ°Ê¡]ªu
ªºª½½u¡^¡C
(c)³BªººÝÂI¥iªux¶b·Æ°Ê¡C
8.6 ¸Õ¨M©w¤U±°ÝÃDªºEuler-Lagrange¤èµ{©M¦ÛµMÃä¬É±ø¥ó¡G
8.7 ¾îºI±ø¥ó¡C
(a)¸Õ¨D¥X¤U±°ÝÃDªº¾îºI±ø¥ó¡G
¨ä¤¤³BªººÝÂI¥iªuµÛ¦±½u
·Æ°Ê¡C
(b)°²¦pl¬O¥iÅܰʪº¡A¸Õ¨D¥X¤U±°ÝÃDªº¥Ã¨ç¼Æ¡G
¸ÕÃÒlªº³Ì¤p¥¿È¦b©M¤§¶¡¡C